Education in the UK: Types of Schools, University Admission Requirements, and Cost

The United Kingdom occupies a special place in the global educational system. A degree obtained here is highly valued in many countries, especially if the program was completed at universities such as Oxford or Cambridge. It is therefore not surprising that international students strive to gain admission to them.

According to the Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA), in the 2023/24 academic year, around 758,855 international students were enrolled in UK universities. This is an impressive figure, particularly considering that after Brexit, the growth rate of international student arrivals has slowed.

This article is dedicated to the education system of the United Kingdom and the opportunities it offers to international applicants.

Overview of the UK Education System

The British education system has evolved over centuries, with its roots going back to the Middle Ages. It was during this period that the oldest universities in the English-speaking world were founded: Oxford (c. 1096) and Cambridge (1209). The development of the system reached its peak in the 19th century: universities modeled on the English system were established worldwide, particularly in Canada, Australia, and India, which were part of the Commonwealth. Around the same time, with the introduction of compulsory education, the foundation of a state-run education system was laid in England and across the British Empire.

Today, the education system in Great Britain encompasses preschool, school, and higher education. However, there are some differences between England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. For instance, Scotland has its own qualification system (Scottish Highers), and undergraduate programs there typically last four years, compared with three years in England.

Preschool Education in the United Kingdom

Preschool education in the UK applies to children under the age of five. It has two main stages: nursery (for children aged 0–4) and reception (a preparatory class, usually for children aged 4–5). Nursery focuses on play-based learning, socialization, and the development of basic skills such as reading, counting, and communication. Reception, which is part of primary schools, belongs to compulsory education in England and Wales.

According to government regulations, all children aged 3–4 in England are entitled to up to 15 hours of free preschool education per week. Families with low incomes, as well as working parents unable to supervise their children, may receive up to 30 hours per week. In Northern Ireland, funding is less generous — about 12.5 hours per week, while in Scotland, since 2021, all children aged 3–4 are entitled to 1140 hours of free early learning per year (roughly 30 hours per week). Any additional hours beyond these entitlements must be paid for separately. Fees range from £50 to £150 per week for a full-day schedule.

Many international students and parents from the USA, Canada, and Australia often search for information using the phrase «kindergarten in Great Britain.» However, the term «kindergarten» is not commonly used in the UK. Instead, the British system distinguishes between nursery and reception.

School Education in the United Kingdom

School education in the UK covers the age range from 5 to 18 and is divided into several stages: primary education, secondary education, and further education.

• Primary education in Great Britain (ages 5–11, Key Stages 1 and 2). Pupils study core subjects: English, mathematics, science, history, geography, art, physical education, and the basics of ICT (information and communication technology). At the end of Key Stage 2 (around age 11), pupils take Standard Assessment Tests (SATs) in core subjects. SATs results do not affect future admissions.
• Secondary Education (Key Stages 3–5). Secondary education in Britain includes compulsory schooling until students take the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exams. Pupils study a broader range of subjects, including electives such as history, geography, languages, and arts. At the end of Key Stage 4 (ages 15–16), they sit GCSE exams in 8–12 subjects. An average grade of 5 is considered the pass mark for further study in the United Kingdom.

Since 2015, all young people in England must remain in education or training until the age of 18. This may include A-levels (academic pathway), the International Baccalaureate (IB), BTEC qualifications (vocational), or apprenticeships.

Types of schools in Britain:

• State Schools. Free, publicly funded, making up about 93% of all schools. They follow the National Curriculum.
• Independent Schools. Fee-paying, attended by around 7% of pupils (ISC, 2024). They have greater autonomy in curricula and often offer extended programs.
• Grammar Schools. State-funded but selective, admitting students through the 11+ exam at age 11. Focused on academic preparation, popular in regions like Kent.
• Boarding Schools. Combine study with residence, where pupils both live and learn on campus. They may be private or (less commonly) state-funded.
• Academies. State-funded British schools with more autonomy, not strictly bound by the National Curriculum. As of 2024, about 80% of secondary schools in England were academies.

Private schools in England provide high-quality education at fees ranging from £40,000—50,000 per year for boarding schools and £15,000—25,000 for day schools. They prepare pupils for A-levels or IB and offer a wide range of extracurricular activities such as sports, drama, music, and debating.

Best schools in the United Kingdom:

• Eton College.
• Harrow School.
• Westminster School.
• St. Paul’s School (London).
• Rugby school.

Best private schools in Britain:

• Winchester College.
• Charterhouse school.
• Cheltenham Ladies’ College.
• Brighton College.
• Tonbridge School.

Top secondary schools in England:

• Queen Elizabeth’s school, Barnet.
• The Henrietta Barnett School, London.
• King’s College School, Wimbledon.
• Wycombe Abbey, Buckinghamshire.
• Manchester grammar school.
• Haberdashers’ Girls’ School, Elstree.
• Guildford High School.
• North London collegiate school.
• Magdalen College School, Oxford.

There are many high-level educational institutions in Britain, both private and state-funded, but the most widely recognized as the best schools in Great Britain are Eton College, Harrow School, and Westminster School.

The English grading scale differs slightly from continental European systems. GCSE grades are awarded on a 1–9 scale, with 9 being the highest and 1 the lowest. A grade of 4 is generally considered a pass.

At the post-16 level, pupils typically take A-level exams, graded alphabetically from A* (highest, sometimes written as A+, A, or A−) down to E. A-level results are critical for university admission, with top UK universities usually requiring three A grades in four subjects.

Other qualifications include the International Baccalaureate (IB), graded on a 1–7 scale with a maximum of 45 points for the program, and BTEC, graded as Pass, Merit, or Distinction, more often used in creative and vocational fields.

Higher Education in the United Kingdom

Higher education in Britain is divided into two main levels: undergraduate (bachelor’s) and postgraduate (master’s and doctoral). Undergraduate programs are designed for school leavers and focus on foundational knowledge followed by specialization. Postgraduate programs are intended for bachelor’s degree holders, emphasizing research and professional development.

The following levels of higher education in England are available:

• Undergraduate. Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Science (BSc), Bachelor of Engineering (BEng), and others. Programs typically last 3 years in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, and 4 years in Scotland (for an Honours degree). Integrated master’s programs (e.g., MEng) combine bachelor’s and master’s degrees and usually take 4–5 years.
• Postgraduate. Master of Arts (MA), Master of Science (MSc), Master of Business Administration (MBA). Duration: 1–2 years. Postgraduate Certificate/Diploma (PGCert/PGDip) programs are available for professional qualifications.
• Doctoral. PhD or DPhil (usually 3–4 years) focusing on original research and a dissertation.

The UK higher education system is decentralized, meaning that each institution specializes in its own field and trains professionals and researchers accordingly.

Key features of UK higher education:

• Tutorial and supervision system. At top universities (Oxford, Cambridge), students meet weekly with tutors (academic mentors) to discuss materials. Supervisions are small-group seminars (2–6 students) designed for in-depth analysis.
• Assessment. A combination of exams, essays, projects, and presentations. Degree classifications: First Class (70%+), Upper Second, 2:1 (60–69%), Lower Second, 2:2 (50–59%), Third (40–49%).
• Regional distinctions. The education system in Scotland offers more interdisciplinary programs; Wales emphasizes the Welsh language; Northern Ireland places a stronger focus on regional history.

University Admissions

Applications for UK undergraduate programs are coordinated through UCAS (Universities and Colleges Admissions Service), a centralized platform allowing up to five applications to different universities. For postgraduate programs, applications are submitted directly to universities or via UKPASS.

Entry requirements:

• A-levels. Minimum of 3 subjects with grades A*—C (top universities typically require A*AA or higher).
• IB. 32–42 points.
• Foundation year. A one-year preparatory program for international students without A-level equivalents (fees: £10,000—20,000).
• Additional documents. A personal statement (up to 4,000 characters), a reference letter from a teacher, and admission tests (LNAT for Law, UCAT/BMAT for Medicine).

The UK higher education system is open to international students. The application process begins with registering on the UCAS platform, selecting courses, and submitting proof of qualifications (transcripts, certified translations), along with an IELTS or TOEFL score (typically 6.5–7.5). The application fee is £28.

If successful, applicants may receive two types of offers:

• Conditional offer. Admission is granted if the applicant meets exam requirements.
• Unconditional offer. Admission is granted without further conditions.

Applicants must then choose a firm choice (main university) and an insurance choice (backup university). Once enrolled, students receive a Confirmation of Acceptance for Studies (CAS), which is required to apply for a UK student visa.

Top Universities in the United Kingdom

The United Kingdom consistently ranks among the leaders in global higher education. In the QS World University Rankings 2026, 17 UK institutions were placed among the world’s top 100. In the Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings 2025, the University of Oxford was named the best university in the world for the ninth consecutive year.

By subject area, UK universities also demonstrate outstanding performance. Imperial College London ranks 2nd globally as the best institution for engineering; the London School of Economics (LSE) is 3rd worldwide for economics; and University College London (UCL) is 7th globally for medical research and graduate employability. In addition, THE 2025 rankings placed Oxford University 1st worldwide in clinical medicine.

Britain university ranking by subject strengths:

Top universities in the UK:

• University of Oxford.
• University of Cambridge.
• Imperial College London.
• University College London (UCL).
• London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).
• University of Edinburgh.
• King’s College London.
• University of Manchester.
• University of Bristol.
• University of Warwick.

Top universities in England for masters:

• University of Oxford.
• University of Cambridge.
• London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).
• Imperial College London.
• University College London (UCL).
• King’s College London.
• University of Manchester.
• Durham University.
• University of Warwick.
• University of Leeds.

Cost of Education in the United Kingdom

Education in the UK includes both free state-funded programs and fee-paying options in private schools and universities. Free education is available only at the preschool and school levels within the state system. At the higher education level, there are no free options — tuition fees apply to both domestic and international students.

Free Education in State Schools

School education in England and across the UK is free for all children aged 5 to 16 (and up to 18 under compulsory schooling requirements). Funding comes from taxes, and schools must follow the National Curriculum. This applies to primary schools, secondary schools, academies, and some grammar schools.

Parents only cover additional costs such as uniforms, trips, and extracurricular activities. However, children living in the UK on a visa can attend state schools free of charge only if their parents legally reside in the UK with the appropriate immigration status.

Cost of Higher Education in the UK

Unlike in Germany or Scandinavia, the UK has no fully free higher education — not for its own citizens and not for international students.

• UK students. In England, the tuition fee cap for bachelor’s programs in 2025/26 is £9535 per year. In Scotland, only Scottish students study free of charge, while English students pay up to £9250. In Wales the maximum is £9000, while in Northern Ireland the cap is similar, but local students pay only £4710.
• International students. Since Brexit, EU citizens have been charged international fees. Tuition ranges from £11,400—£38,000 per year for undergraduate study in Great Britain (up to £60,000 for medicine).
• Postgraduate study. Tuition fees for UK students range from £7000—15,000 per year, while international students pay £15,000—40,000. PhD programs are cheaper, at £4500—20,000 per year, though research often involves additional costs.

Typical average costs by level:

• Undergraduate (international students): £15,000—25,000 per year.
• Doctoral programs: £18,000—20,000 per year, rising to £30,000—40,000 in STEM fields.

UK students can apply for loans from the Student Loans Company to cover tuition fees and living costs. Repayments start once their annual income exceeds £25,000. International students generally cannot access these loans, though some universities offer installment payment plans.

Distance Learning

Distance education in the UK gained popularity after the pandemic. The largest provider is The Open University, offering fully online bachelor’s and master’s programs. The cost of a master’s degree in the UK is £6000—12,000. The University of London and the University of Edinburgh also provide online courses via platforms such as Coursera, FutureLearn, and edX. Costs vary by program size: short online courses may cost £100—1000 and full degree programs: £10,000—20,000.

Scholarships and Funding in the UK

Studying in the United Kingdom can be expensive, but a wide range of scholarships for foreign students in the UK is available to help cover tuition fees and living costs. These programs are offered by the UK government, universities, and private foundations.

Types of scholarships:

• Government-funded programs. The most prestigious is the Chevening Scholarship, which covers full tuition fees, travel costs, and living expenses for one year of postgraduate study in the UK. The Commonwealth Scholarship supports students from Commonwealth countries at both master’s and PhD level.
• University-specific funding. Leading institutions such as Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial College London, and LSE provide their own financial aid packages for outstanding applicants. These often include a scholarship in England for international students based on academic excellence or financial need.
• Subject- or region-specific awards. Some scholarships target particular disciplines (e.g., engineering, law, or medicine) or specific regions such as Asia, Africa, or Latin America.

For those seeking a scholarship for a master’s degree in the UK, there are numerous options. In addition to Chevening and Commonwealth awards, programs like the Rhodes Scholarship (Oxford) and Gates Cambridge Scholarship (Cambridge) fund highly talented international students. Most university-based master’s scholarships provide either partial tuition waivers or full funding packages.

Typical funding coverage:

• Full tuition fees (up to £38,000—45,000 for medicine).
• Monthly living allowance (£1000—1500 depending on city).
• Travel and visa costs in some cases.

Applying for a scholarship in the United Kingdom usually requires strong academic records, a personal statement, recommendation letters, and proof of English language proficiency (IELTS/TOEFL). Competition is high, so applicants are encouraged to prepare well in advance.

International Exchange Programs

The United Kingdom remains one of the key destinations for international exchange programs, which allow foreign students to study at British universities for a period ranging from one semester to a full academic year, usually as part of undergraduate or postgraduate studies in the UK.

Exchange programs in England are typically organized by university administrations through bilateral agreements. In such cases, incoming students pay their tuition fees to their home institution, not to the host university. For example, the University of Manchester has partnerships with more than 200 universities worldwide, including institutions in the USA, Australia, and Singapore.

In 2021, the UK launched the Turing Scheme, a government-funded program supporting international students, school pupils, and trainees. The scheme’s budget amounted to £110 million, with grants of up to £1360 per month. However, this funding proved insufficient: by the end of 2023, about 15% of all applications were rejected specifically due to underfunding. Unlike traditional exchange programs, the Turing Scheme does not operate on a reciprocal basis but rather acts as a sponsor for placements at UK institutions.

Short-term programs in high demand:

• Summer schools. Universities such as Oxford, Cambridge, and LSE offer summer programs lasting 2–8 weeks, with fees ranging from £2000—8000 (including accommodation). Subjects vary from law to artificial intelligence.
• Language courses. Intensive English programs cost £500—2000 per month and are especially popular among students from Asia and Latin America.
• Professional programs. Short courses lasting 1–12 weeks in business, technology, or creative industries are offered either through platforms like FutureLearn or directly by universities.

Frequently Asked Questions about Education in the United Kingdom

What are the cheapest universities in England for international students?

Some English universities stand out for offering relatively low per-year tuition fees to international undergraduates. Here are universities in Britain for international students with an optimal price:

• University of Chester: £13,950.
• Leeds Trinity University: £12,000—£14,500.
• Liverpool Hope University: £13,000—£15,000.
• University of Bolton: £15,950.
• University of Hull: £15,400—£18,300.
• University of Derby: £14,900.
• Wrexham Glyndŵr University: £11,750—12,500.
• Leeds Beckett University: £11,000—15,000.
• Teesside University: £14,000—17,000.
• University of Cumbria: £13,250—16,000.
• University of Bedfordshire: £14,500—18,400.
• University of Sunderland: £14,000—17,000.

How much does studying in England cost?

Studying in Britain for free is in state schools. Parents covering only uniforms and trips. Private day schools start at around £15,000 per year, while boarding schools cost £30,000—50,000 per year. Tuition fees for UK students are capped at £9250 per year. International students pay £15,000—25,000 on average, with medicine programs reaching £38,000—45,000. Living expenses typically add another £10,000—15,000 per year.

What is the structure of the UK education system?

The British system is multi-level:

• Preschool education: nursery (ages 0–4) and reception (age 5).
• Primary school: ages 5–11.
• Secondary school: ages 11–16, ending with GCSE exams.
• Further education (ages 16–18): two years of A-levels, IB, or vocational BTEC qualifications, which open the path to university in Great Britain.
• Higher education: undergraduate (bachelor’s), postgraduate (master’s), and doctoral (PhD) programs.

Are there international scholarships for Irish students?

Irish students are eligible for several international scholarships to study in the United Kingdom. Some of the most important options include:

• Chevening Scholarships: fully funded awards from the UK government that cover tuition fees, travel, and living expenses for a one-year master’s degree. Irish students can apply, as the Republic of Ireland is a Chevening partner country.
• Commonwealth Shared Scholarships: available to citizens of certain Commonwealth countries, including Northern Ireland, through UK eligibility routes.
• University-specific funding: leading universities in the United Kingdom, such as Oxford, Cambridge, LSE, and Imperial College London, offer dedicated scholarships and fee waivers for EU and Irish applicants.
• Post-Brexit arrangements: although EU students (including Irish) now usually pay international fees, many universities have created transitional scholarship schemes specifically aimed at Irish and EU applicants to reduce costs.

Is preschool education in the UK better than in Ireland?

The system in the Republic of Ireland (not Northern Ireland) is different. It offers the ECCE (Early Childhood Care and Education) scheme, providing two full years of free preschool education for children aged 2 years 8 months to 5.5 years. In England, free provision is limited to 15–30 hours per week, and only from age 3. Thus, Ireland’s model is longer and more accessible, but the primary education in England offers greater flexibility in program design.

Is studying in Scotland for foreign students different from the rest of the UK?

Studying in Scotland has several important differences. A bachelor’s degree in Scotland usually takes 4 years, while in England it is typically 3 years. Scottish students progress via Scottish Highers rather than A-levels, but foreign students can apply with A-levels, IB, or equivalent international diplomas.

For international students, tuition generally ranges from £16,000 to £25,000 per year, with medicine and veterinary science being higher (up to £45,000). This is broadly similar to the cost of university in England, but some universities in Scotland offer targeted scholarships for EU and overseas students.

Scotland hosts some of the world’s oldest and most respected universities, including the University of Edinburgh, University of Glasgow, University of St Andrews, and University of Aberdeen, all of which are highly attractive to international applicants.